History of Ukraine

[dobko]

History of Ukraine

Early pre-history

The first identifiable groups to populate what is now Ukraine were the Neolithic people of the Trypillian culture, followed by the Iranians (Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians), and Goths, among other nomadic peoples who arrived throughout the first millennium BC. During this period, the plains of Scythia were the road for the migration of peoples from Asia into Europe.

Around 600 B.C., the ancient Greeks founded on the north-eastern shore of the Black Sea the colonies of Tyras, Olbia, Hermonassa, perpetuated by Roman and Byzantine cities until the sixth century A.D.

Slavic tribes occupied central and eastern plains of Scythia as early as the sixth century. Around this time the Antes civilization which may have been a largely Slavic nation, occupied much of Ukraine.

Kievan Rus'
In the 9th century, Kiev was conquered from the Khazars by the Varangian (Swedish Viking) Oleg. The Khazars were a Turkic semi-nomadic people from Central Asia who adopted Judaism. They founded the independent Khazar kingdom in the 7th century C.E. in the southeastern part of today's Europe, near the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus. In addition to western Kazakhstan, the Khazar kingdom also included territory in what is now eastern Ukraine, Azerbaijan, southern Russia, and Crimea.

During this time, several Slavic tribes were native to Ukraine, including the Polanians, the Derevlianians, the Severians, the Ulychians, and Tivertsians, and Dulebians. Situated on lucrative trade routes, Kiev among the Polanians quickly prospered as the center of the powerful Slavic/Scandinavian state of Kievan Rus.

In the 11th century, Kievan Rus' was, geographically, the largest state in Europe. During this time, Ukraine became known in the rest of Europe as Ruthenia (the Latin name for Rus', especially after the separation of Russia from Rus' propria). In addition, the name "Ukraine" first appears in recorded history on maps of the period. The meaning of term seems to have been synonymous with the land of Rus' propria--the principalities of Kiev, Chernihiv and Pereyaslav. The term, "Greater Rus' was used to apply to all the lands ruled by Kiev, including those that were not just Slavic, but also Finno-Ugric in the northeast portions of the state. Local regional subdivisions of Rus' appeared in the Slavic heartland, including, "Belarus'" (White Ruthenia), "Chorna Rus'" (Black Ruthenia) and "Cherven' Rus'" (Red Ruthenia) in northwestern and western Ukraine.

Although Christianity had made inroads into Ukraine before the first ecumenical council, the Council of Nicea (particularly along the Black Sea coast) and, in Western Ukraine during the time of empire of Great Moravia, the formal governmental acceptance of Christianity in Rus' occurred at the Baptism of Kiev in 988. The major cause of the Christianization of Ukraine was the Grand-Duke, Volodymyr the Great. His Christian interest was mid-wifed by his grandmother, Princess Olga. Later, an enduring part of the Ukrainian legal tradition was set down by the Kievan ruler, Yaroslav, who promulgated the Russkaya Pravda (Ruthenian Truth) which endured through the Lithuanian period of Rus'.

Conflict among the various principalities of Rus', in spite of the efforts of Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh, led to decline, beginning in the 12th century. In Rus' propria, the Kiev region, the nascent Ruthenian/Ukrainian principalities of Halych and Volynia extended their rule. In the north, the name of Moscow appeared in the historical record in the principality of Suzdal, which gave rise to the nation of Russia. In the northwest, the principality of Polotsk increasing asserted the autonomy of Belarus'. Kiev was sacked by Russians (1169), Polovtzians and Mongol raiders in the 12th and 13th centuries. Subsequently, all principalities of Ukraine acknowledged dependence upon the Mongols (1239-1240). The Mongol overlordship was very cruel, and people often fled to other countries. Ukrainian settlements appeared in Poland and Hungary.



Halych-Volynia
The local successor state to Kyivan Rus' on the territory of both Kyiv and today's Ukraine was the principality of Halych-Volynia.

Previously, Volodymyr the Great had established the cities of Halych and Volodymyr Volynski as regional capitals for the western Ukrainian heartland. In the thirteenth century, the city of L'viv eventually became the national capital. This new, more exclusively Ukrainian state was based upon the Dulibian, Tivertsian and Bilyy Khorvaty (White Croatian) tribes. The state was ruled by the descendants of Yaroslav Mudry and Volodymyr Monomakh. For a brief period, the country was ruled by a Hungarian nobleman. Battles with the neighboring states of Poland and Lithuania also occurred, as well as internecine warfare with the independent Ukrainian principality of Chernihiv to the east. The nation reached its peak with the extension of rule to neighboring Wallachia/Bessarabia, all the way to the shores of the Black Sea.

During this period (around 1200-1400) each principality was independent of the other for a period of time. The state of Halych-Volynia eventually became a vassal to the Mongolian Empire, but efforts to gain European support for opposition to the Mongols continued. This period marked the first "King of Rus'"; previously, the rulers of Rus' were termed, "Grand Dukes" or "Princes."


http://www.stranslation.com/Ukrainia...of_ukraine.htm

[dobko]

Loss of Independence
During the 14th century, Poland and Lithuania fought wars against the Mongol invaders, and eventually most of Ukraine passed to the rule of Poland and Lithuania. More particularly, the lands of Volynia in the north and northwest passed to the rule of Lithuanian princes, while the south-west passed to the control of Poland (Galicia) and Hungary (Zakarpattya). Most of Ukraine bordered parts of Lithuania, and some say that the name, "Ukraine" comes from the local word for "border," although the name "Ukraine" was also used centuries earlier. Lithuania took control of the state of Volynia in northern/northwestern Ukraine, including the region around Kyiv (Rus'), and the rulers of Lithuania then adopted the title of ruler of Rus'. Poland took control of the region of Halychyna. Following the union between Poland and Lithuania, Poles, Germans, Armenians and Jews immigrated to the country.








The Commonwealth
After the Union of Lublin in 1569 and the formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the gentry of Ukraine voted for membership in the Polish part of the Commonwealth. The period immediately following the creation of the Commmonwealth, saw a huge revitalization in colonisation efforts. Many new cities and villages were founded. New schools spread the ideas of the Renaissance; Polish peasants who arrived in great numbers were quickly Ruthenised; during this time, many Ukrainian nobles became Polonized. Social tensions also grew. Ruthenian/Ukrainian peasants (and some from other nations) who fled efforts to force them into servitude came to be known as Cossacks and earned a reputation for their fierce martial spirit.



The Kozak Era
The 1648 Ukrainian Kozak (Cossack) rebellion and war of independence (Chmielnicki Uprising), which started an era known in Polish history as The Deluge, undermined the foundations and stability of the Commonwealth. The nascent Cossack Hetmanate, usually viewed as forerunner of the Ukrainian state, found itself in a three-sided military and diplomatic rivalry with the Ottoman Turks, who controlled the Tatars to the south, the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, and the rising state of Muscovy to the East. The reconstituted Ukrainian state sought a treaty of protection with Muscovy (the predecessor to the modern Russian state) in 1654. This agreement was known as the Treaty of Pereyaslav. Commonwealth authorities then sought compromise with the Ukrainian Cossack state by signing the Union of Hadyach in 1658, but the agreement was later superseded by 1667 Polish-Russian Treaty of Andrusovo, which divided Ukraine between the Commonwealth and Russia.



Partitions/Transition to Russian/Austrian Rule


Tsarist rule over central Ukraine gradually replaced 'protection' over the subsequent decades. Through the Partitions of Poland Ukraine fell under the control of the Austrians in the extreme west (see: Galicia) and of the Russians elsewhere. Ottoman Empire control receded from south-central Ukraine, while the rule of Hungary over the Trans-Carpathian region continued. Ukrainian writers and intellectuals were inspired by the nationalistic spirit stirring other European peoples existing under other imperial governments and became determined to revive the Ukrainian linguistic and cultural traditions and re-establish a Ukrainian nation-state. The Russians in particular imposed strict limits on attempts to elevate Ukrainian language and culture, even banning its use and study. The fate of the Ukrainians was much more positive under the Austrians. During this time, the people of Ukraine began to accept a change of their name from Rus'/Rusyny (Ruthenia/Ruthenians) to Ukraine/Ukrainians.




The 20th Century
When World War I and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia shattered the Habsburg and Russian empires, Ukrainians declared independent statehood. Between 1917 and 1918, three separate Ukrainian republics manifested independence, including the Rada, the Directorate, the Hetmanate, and the Ukrainian Peoples Republic of Symon Petlura. However, with the failure of the Kiev Operation and the end of Polish-Soviet War, after the Peace of Riga in March 1921, the western part of the traditional territory had been incorporated into Poland, and the larger, central and eastern part became part of the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian SSR.

The Ukrainian national idea persevered during the inter-war years, and Ukrainian culture even enjoyed a revival due to Bolshevik concessions in the early Soviet years. By the late 1920s, however, the Soviet reaction was severe, particularly under Stalin.

To satisfy the state's need for increased food supplies and finance industrialization, Stalin instituted a program of collectivization of agriculture, which profoundly affected Ukraine, breadbasket of the USSR. In the late 1920s and early '30s the state compounded the peasants' lands and animals into collective farms. Starting in 1929 a policy of enforcement was applied, using regular troops and secret police to confiscate lands and material where necessary.

Many resisted, and a desperate struggle of the peasantry against the authorities ensued. Some slaughtered their livestock rather than turn it over to the collectives. Wealthier peasants were labeled "kulaks", enemies of the state. Tens of thousands were executed or deported to labour camps.

Forced collectivization had a devastating effect on agricultural productivity. Despite this, in 1932 Stalin increased Ukraine's production quotas by 44%, ensuring that they could not be met. Soviet law required that the members of a collective farm would receive no grain until government quotas were satisfied. The authorities in many instances exacted such high levels of procurement from collective farms that starvation became widespread. At least four million starved to death in a famine, called the Holodomor in Ukrainian.

The Soviet Union suppressed information about the famine, and as late as the 1980s admitted only that there was some hardship because of kulak sabotage and bad weather. Today, its existence is accepted. Some historians consider the famine of 1932√33 to be the necessary consequence of Stalin's program of industrialization and collectivization. Others maintain that the famine was an avoidable, deliberate act of genocide.

After German and Soviet troops invaded Poland in 1939, (see: Polish September Campaign) the western Ukrainian regions were incorporated into the Soviet Union. When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 (see: Operation Barbarossa), many Ukrainians, particularly in the west, welcomed them, but this did not last. In the encirclement battle of Kiev, acclaimed by the Soviets as a Hero City, more than 660,000 Soviet troops were taken captive.

Some elements of the Ukrainian nationalist underground fought both Nazi and Soviet forces. Others initially regarded the Nazis as "liberators", and hoped to establish an autonomous Ukrainian state. However, German rule in the occupied territories eventually aided the Soviet cause. Nazi administrators of conquered Soviet territories made little attempt to exploit the population's dissatisfaction with Soviet political and economic policies. Instead, the Nazis divided the territory of Ukraine, preserved the collective-farm system, systematically carried out genocidal policies against Jews, and deported others (mainly Ukrainians) to forced labour in Germany. Under these circumstances, the great majority of the Soviet people fought and worked on their country's behalf, thus ensuring the regime's survival. However, in some regions of Ukraine, resistance against Soviet forces continued as late as the 1950s.

Total civilian losses during the War and German occupation in Ukraine are estimated at 7 million, including over a million Jews shot and killed by the Einsatzgruppen. The great majority fell victim to atrocities, forced labor, and even massacres of whole villages in reprisal for attacks against Nazi forces. Of the estimated 11 million Soviet troops who fell in battle against the Nazis, about a fourth (2.7 million) were ethnic Ukrainians. Thus, the Ukrainian nation is distinguished as one of the first nations to fight the Axis powers in Carpatho-Ukraine and one that saw some of the greatest bloodshed during the War.




Independence
Little changed for Ukraine over the next few decades. During periods of relative liberalization ≈ as under Nikita Khrushchev from 1955 to 1964 ≈ Ukrainian communists pursued national objectives. In the years of perestroika, under U.S.S.R. President Mikhail Gorbachev, national goals were again advanced by Ukrainian officials.

The town of Pripyat, Ukraine was the site of the Chernobyl accident, which occurred in April 26, 1986 when a nuclear plant exploded. The fallout contaminated large areas of northern Ukraine and even parts of Belarus. This spurred on a local independence movement called the Rukh that plagued the Soviet Union during the late 1980s.

Ukraine declared itself an independent state on August 24, 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and was a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). On December 1, 1991 Ukrainian voters overwhelmingly approved a referendum formalizing independence from the Soviet Union. The Union formally ceased to exist in December 25, 1991, and with this Ukraine's independence was officially recognized by the international community.

[dobko]

I'm trying to figure out Ukrainehaters claims of Russian-Ruthinian heritage, so far I think he's just a nutbag.

[Spak]

Dobko,

My sense about Ukraino is that he is more interested in establishing a "Russian Orthodox" state than he is about anyone's ethnic inheritance. I think his arguments for Kyiv-Rus are just a "straw man" that suits his purpose. I really can't take it when he degrades and dishonors the ancestry of all Ukrainian families (including my own). He must die <grin>.

I also get the sense that he is not chiefly of Slavic origin... this just by the way he says things... from a sense I get of his world view. I am a believer in an identifiable "Slavic Soul"... as well as in a Slavic appearance. There is of course a "bell curve" that either of these fit under, which means that at the edges the characteristics are much harder to distinguish... but near the center... very clear. I have some personal stories that taught me this lesson very clearly.


Back to history:

Thanks for the chronological history of Ukraine. I see the unfolding of events basically the same way. But in my opinion history is a funny thing. It's kind of like looking at say a blood sample through a microscope. If your microscope is very powerful then you see the atomic level and your observations are about particles that unite into molecules, which in turn unite into chemical substances and so forth. If your microscope is not very powerful you see perhaps red and white cells... perhaps some bacteria, etc, and your observations are completely different. So it is with drawing conclusions from history... a lot of what becomes relevant"fact" is only relevant in the context of the scope we examine it in. Which brings us to Ukraino's use of Kyivan-Rus as the sole deciding factor in establishing Ukrainian "ethnicity." Personally, I understand and appreciate the magnitude of the Kyvan-Rus era with respect to Ukraine - But in my opinion that alone does not go far enough in defining Ukrainian ethnicity. Why?

1. The history of our distinctive Arts (pysanki for example) go back thousands of years.

2. The recorded history of a cohesive and distinct group of people goes back nearly two thousand years. The Veneti (ie. the Antae and Sclavini)... noted by historical figures such as Jordanes, Tacitic, Procopius, Strabo, etc.

3. I don't see much evidence of the populace embracing anything Kyvan-Rus. For the most part they are just conquered tribes that contribute taxes, soldiers, or food... and that is their total participation... hardly a watershed cultural event. Note that the populace did embrace the Antae way of life, and that in fact Tacitic was jealous about thier satisfaction with all that it offered (as simple as it may have seemed to him).

4. Orthodox religion was not the all-perversive religion it is made out to be (until more recent history)... in fact by most reports of Kyiv-Rus it was just something that the elite participated in. My own grandparents, though staunchly Orthodox, were still able to tell me about "indigenous" Ukrainian spiritual beliefs that pre-dated Christianity.

5. The Ukrainian language is a distinct language that doesn't include Novgorod, and other areas of Kyiv-Rus. This of course shows that our language evolved out of something much more than Kyiv-Rus... bringing us back to the point about the scope of history that must be examined.


Something else that bothers me is about the Chronicles. The Chronicles (apart from the fact they were written by extremely politically motivated people) contain a logical inconsistency in the statement that says the Slavs invited the Varagnians to come rule over them. Why? First they say the Slavs were always arguing and unable to come to any kind of unity... and then they say the Slav's *** unitedly *** invited the varangians to rule over them. So either they couldn't be united which is most likely, or somebody took advantage of this fact to invade and occupy our territory. Invasion is most likely. Either way the moral right to rule implied by the beginning of the Chronicles becomes bunk.


All in all there is so much history that defines Ukraine that, in my opinion, one simply has to accept it's current evolution for what it plainly is: Ukraine! Ukraine in every way. And don't try to return to any of it's former romantic selves.


By the way, here are some links and quotes with respect to ancient Ukrainian history. These are just a few out of the "volumes" I've come across.


from: http://www.ao.net/~fmoeller/rusorig.htm

Jordanes refers to Gothic control of Slavic tribes after the Goths left the environs of Scandinavia to move to the Pontic region where they settled and ruled for several hundred years, and then were forced by migrating Huns to invade the Roman Empire in the fourth century. Jordanes, wishing to preserve for posterity the history of his own people, the Goths, incidently mentioned their interaction with the Slavs. He described the Slavic homelands, in 550 A.D., as "extending from Noviodunum [in lower Macedonia] to the Dneister and northward to the Vistula."* This marks Slavic control of this region almost 300 years before the establishment of the Scandinavian Varangian state at Kiev. It also clearly marks Scandinavian influence long before Ruric, seen in the Ostro-Gothic names in pre-Ruric Slavic rulers, like Valimir, Vidimir, Thuidimir, and Vladimir, which is purely Gothic, not Slavic.


As found at http://www.vitaphone.org/history/jordanes.html
(A translation of the "Origin and Deeds of the Goths")

... and beginning at the source of the Vistula, the populous race of the Venethi dwell, occupying a great expanse of land. Though their names are now dispersed amid various clans and places, yet they are chiefly called Sclaveni and Antes ... The Antes, who are the bravest of these peoples dwelling in the curve of the sea of Pontus, spread from the Danaster to the Danaper, rivers that are many days' journey apart.

Note: Antes -> Ukrainians... in agreement with Hrusevshy and others.



From http://www.imninalu.net/2history03.htm

A Jewish (I think) version of our history

RIPHAT:

" The identity of Riphat is usually suggested vaguely or defined with lack of precision. The general interpretation links this personage with Paphlagonia, though without giving further valid information about the peoples or nations that may have generated. Paphlagonia is of course, a good starting-point, being in Asia Minor, the land from where most Japhetic peoples began their history. The first recorded migration of Paphlagonian peoples is directed to Ararat and the Caucasus, from where they continued their way northwest and settled in the area between the Karpathian Mounts and the Pripyat River (both names related to Riphat). This is the land where the Slavic peoples trace their origins.

These peoples were known to Greeks as "Aenetas", as Homer, Strabo and other authors attest that before the Trojan war, they were living in the area near Troy and in Paphlagonia. In those times there was a migration of "Aenetoi" to Urartu. The same people were called "Antes" or "Veneti" by Pliny, Ptolemy and others. These ancient Venedians were neither Celtic, nor Goths, Scythians, Alans, Sarmatians or any other, but an independent historic community ...

... the Greek historian Procopius praises them by their lifestyle, saying that "They are not ruled by one man, but since ancient times they have lived in a democracy" ....

This quality places them closer to Ashkenazic peoples, with whom they have interacted since the very beginning of their history. Other characteristics still kept after millennia show an evident connection of the ancient Slavs with Mesopotamia, for example, the Slavic weights and measures system is based upon the Babylonian. Another interesting detail is that an ancient apocryphal Hebrew book, the "Secrets of Henokh", was preserved only in the Slavic version. "



Kind Regards,

John Spak

[dobko]

I totally agree John.

Go Oilers!

[Spak]

Dobko,

I'm still suffering from Canukitis... those bums! Go Oilers! LOL!


BTW, what does the coat of arms you posted represent?




John Spak

[dobko]

Battle cry: Po trzy na gaЁ╧÷, ▄wieboda
Details
Alternative names Swoboda, ▄wieboda
Earliest mention 1369
Families 328 names altogether: Aksamitowski, Aksentowicz, Andronowski, Andrzejkiewicz, Ankowski, Axamitowski, Axentowicz, Batowt, BawoЁowski, B╧kowski, B╧kowski-Jaksa, Beda, Behme, Belicki, Beliski, BeЁhacki, BeЁzki, Bielicki, Bieniaszewski, Bienia©ewski, BilaЯski, Bitowt, Bitowtowicz, Bober, Bobowski, BobriЯski, Bobrowicz, , Bokowski, Borkowicz, BorzesЁawski, BorzysЁawski, Botowicz, Botowt, BСbr, Branicki, BraЯski, Braun, Brrze©nicki, BrzeziЯski, Brze÷nicki, Bubowski, BurzyЯski, Butowd, Butowt, Buttowt, Bykowski, Bykowski Jaxa, Ceder, Cedro, Cedrowicz, Cedrowski, Chamiec, Chamski, Charzewski, Chicki, ChЁ╧dowski, ChЁЙdowski, Chomski, Chrapkowicz, Chroniowski, Chronowski, Chycki, ChyФko, Ciepielewski, Ciepielowski, Cykowski, CzajaЯski, CzajЙcki, Czaykowski, Czepielewski, Czepielowski, Czykowski, DЙbicki, Dobek, Doberski, Dobkiewicz, Dobko, Domaradzki, Dowiat, Dziwisz, G╧bski, Gedajmin, Getkin, Getko, GЙbski, GЙdka, Giedczycki, GiedczyЯski, Giedecki, Giedymin, GiedziЯski, Gienk, Gienko, Gierntowt, GЁadysz, GЁadyszewski, GoЁ╧bek, Gosicki, Goszycki, Grefkowicz, Grodzicki, Gross, Gru÷d÷, Gryczka, Gryffin, Gryfici, Gryfin, Grynkiewicz, Grzywaldzki, Grzywladski, Gumieniecki, Gunther, Gwo÷dziowski, Hausman, Hromyk, Hronowski, Hroznowski, Hrydzicz, Ilsinger, I©yron, JaksiЯski, Jakszewicz, Jarken, Jawszyc, Jaxa, Jencewicz, JeЯcewicz, Kawecki, Kawiecki, K╧sieЯski, Keller, KЙpski, KhaЯski, Kicki, Kiertut, KijaЯski, Kilski, Kleszczewski, KleszczyЯski, KlewszczyЯski, Kober, Kobr, Kobro, Komornicki, Konarski, Korabka, Kosmynowski, Kosmyszewski, Kossowicz, Ko°mierzowski, Ko°minowski, Ko°wicz, Kowarski, Krobanowski, KromoЁowski, Krukowski, Kruszowski, Krzeczewicz, Krzeczowicz, Krzeszowicki, Krzeszowski, Krzyszewski, Kwiatkiewicz, Kwiatkowicz, Kwiatkowski, KwieciЯski, Lange, LatosiЯski, LatoszyЯski, Laudyn, Lechowicz, LeЯkowski, Le°niewski, Le°niowski, Le°niowski Zimnowoda, Lewczenko, LigЙza, Lobowski, Lowczowski, Lubczewski, LuzeЯski, ёadoszyЯski, ёobowski, ёobzowski, ёotwiszyЯski, ёowczewski, ёowczowski, ёowczycki, ёupiЯski, Makulski, Maleszewski, Maleszowski, Maliszenko, Maliszowski, MaЁachowski, Maniukowski, Marcinkowski, Marcinowski, M╧kolski, Micherowski, Michora, Michorowski, Michowski, Michowski, Mielecki, MikoЁajowski, Mikoszek, Mikoszko, Milecki, Mirzowski, Molenda, MolendziЯski, Mykoszek, Myrzowski, Nasiechowski, NasiЙchowski, Nast, Nasto, NeledyЯski, Nieklewicz, Niklewicz, Noskowski, Nowoszewicz, OkoЁowski, Osowiecki, Ossowiecki, Ossowski, Ostrowski, Otffinowski, Otfinowski, Otwinowski, Paciorkowski, Paluchowski, Panterewicz, Panterowicz, Papieski, Papiewski, PapiЯski, Papuski, Piskorzewski, PobiedziЯski, Podegrodzki, Podgrodzki, Podogrodzki, PoЁucki, Potucki, ProchaЯski, ProcheЯski, PruchaЯski, PrucheЯski, Raczkiewicz, RadliЯski, Rakowski, Rankowicz, Ratarski, Ronikier, RosЁawiec, RosЁowicz, RosЁowiec, Rotarius, Rotariusz, Rotarski, Rotarski, Rozen, Ro©en, Ro©enkowski, Ro©eЯski, Ro©no, Ruszczycki, Sabina, Sczepanowski, Skrzyszowski, SЁocki,Slominski, StanisЁawski, Stroniowski, Strzeszkowski, StudzieЯski, Swoszowski, Syrochowski, Szczepanowski, Szczodry, Szczukowski, Szczynecki, Szlydyen, SzoЁomski, Sztukowski, ▄wiЙszek, Taonowicz, Treska, Tresko, Treszka, Trojacki, Trojecki, Trzeciecki, Trzeciewski, Turski, Ujejski, Ulkowski, WarchaЁowski, WdowieszyЯski, Weszmunt, Wierzbicki, Wiktorowski, Wilkowski, Wodnicki, Wolski, Wosztort, Wosztowt, Wyszko, Zadro©ny, Zajezierski, Zakomorny, Zakrzewski, Zamiechowski, Zamierowski, Zanietowski, Zaporski, Ziema-Grodzicki, Znamierowski, Znamirowski, ZoЁotar, ╞arliЯski, ╞eromski, ╞eromski Jaxa, ╞eromski-Jaxa, ╞ukowski, ╞yzmiЯski


-----
also

Treaty of Lubowla
Treaty of Lubowla of 1412 was a treaty between Władysław II of Poland and Sigismund of Luxemburg, king of Hungary. Negotiated in the town of StarА Ľubovňa in modern Slovakia, it was confirmed later that year in Buda.

The treaty was negotiated by Zawisza Czarny, one of the most famous Polish knights of late Middle Ages. The Hungarian state was experiencing large financial problems due to constant wars with the Ottoman Empire, as well as because of pressure from the side of the Habsburg family. The provisions of the treaty included confirmation of the Treaty of Toruń of 1411 between Poland and the Teutonic Order. At the same time, Hungary offered to secretly support the Polish rights to the province of Pomerania, lost to the Teutons. Finally, in exchange for a loan of sixty times the amount of 37.000 Prague groszes, that is approximately 7 tonnes of pure silver, the Hungarian crown pawned 16 rich salt-producing towns in the area of Spisz, as well as a right to incorporate them into Poland until the debt is repaid.

After the meeting in StarА Ľubovňa, the Polish delegation with king Władysław Jagiełło proceeded to Ko ice, where they were met by the Hungarian king. Then they proceeded to Tokaj, Debrecen and finally to the tomb of Saint Ladislaus in NagyvАrad. From there they proceeded to Buda, where the treaty was officially signed in presence of king Tvrtko II of Bosnia, 14 dukes and princes, 3 archbishops, 11 bishops and embassadors of 17 states, including the Tartar Orde and the Ottoman Empire, as well as roughly 40.000 nobles and knights. To commemorate the event, a tournament was organized, in which both Polish and Hungarian knights took part. Among them were Zawisza Czarny, his brother Firlej, Dobko of Oleśnica and Powała of Tczew.

The treaty was never broken yet the debt was not repaid and the area of Spisz remained a part of Poland until the Partitions of Poland in late 18th century.

-----

Great-Grandfather came to Canada from Austria. I'm finding more about my family all the time so there is more to come.